By Meloi Uragon
First of, this topic will surely help you especially if you're about to take a nursing exam or even if you are currently working as one of the personnel in the medical field. This will be focusing on the anatomy of the human body which is affected, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology or the reason why a specific sign/ symptom is present. Of course all these things will happen if and only if the person involved is consuming a lot of sweets because it goes with the saying "anything that is less or in excess is fatal". In this case, we will concentrate with the known disease called Diabetes...
Diabetes as we all know has 2 main types namely: Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus. DM has 2 types as well and those are DM 1 or Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and DM 2 or Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). It's about DM that we will be focusing our attention to since the other one which is DI or Diabetes Insipidus' main concern is a problem with the production of the so-called antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland and not merely about an abnormality in the function of insulin being produced by the pancreas.
Let's start with the anatomy. The pancreas has beta cells that are responsible in producing insulin which in turn controls or regulates the amount of glucose in our body. The food we eat will be broken down into small pieces known as glucose and then it will be utilized by our cells by the help of insulin. Clients with elevated blood glucose levels or should we say hyperglycemia triggers their pancreas to produce more insulin to transfer glucose from the blood into the cell because the insulin serves as the mode of transportation for the glucose to enter the cell.
DM-1 is said to be insulin-dependent because there is no production or there is a total absence of insulin and that is why there is excessive hyperglycemia. Glucose are needed by cells in order for them to perform cellular activities to produce ATP or energy. Since insulin is absent, there will be cellular starvation because the cells are not getting something to utilize such as the glucose. So in order to compensate, the body should look for other energy sources and that process is called gluconeogenesis which involves the breaking down of fats or lipids. The end-product of gluconeogenesis is the formation of ketones, hence, the name diabetic ketoacidosis.
On the other hand, DM-2 still has insulin production but is insufficient. Since there is still insulin availability, the client is called non-insulin dependent.
Signs and Symptoms of DM can be easily remembered as the 3Ps: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Polyuria or excessive urination is present because of osmosis (movement of water from an area that has a lesser concentration of solutes to an area that has a greater concentration of solutes). Since the client is losing a large amount of fluid through urinating, the body will compensate and the brain will trigger the hypothalamus to have the urge to drink more for fluid replacement and that is now your Polydipsia or excessive thirst. Polyphagia or excessive swallowing or eating is an effect of the cellular starvation (we get sugar/ glucose from the food we ingest).
First of, this topic will surely help you especially if you're about to take a nursing exam or even if you are currently working as one of the personnel in the medical field. This will be focusing on the anatomy of the human body which is affected, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology or the reason why a specific sign/ symptom is present. Of course all these things will happen if and only if the person involved is consuming a lot of sweets because it goes with the saying "anything that is less or in excess is fatal". In this case, we will concentrate with the known disease called Diabetes...
Diabetes as we all know has 2 main types namely: Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus. DM has 2 types as well and those are DM 1 or Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and DM 2 or Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). It's about DM that we will be focusing our attention to since the other one which is DI or Diabetes Insipidus' main concern is a problem with the production of the so-called antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland and not merely about an abnormality in the function of insulin being produced by the pancreas.
Let's start with the anatomy. The pancreas has beta cells that are responsible in producing insulin which in turn controls or regulates the amount of glucose in our body. The food we eat will be broken down into small pieces known as glucose and then it will be utilized by our cells by the help of insulin. Clients with elevated blood glucose levels or should we say hyperglycemia triggers their pancreas to produce more insulin to transfer glucose from the blood into the cell because the insulin serves as the mode of transportation for the glucose to enter the cell.
DM-1 is said to be insulin-dependent because there is no production or there is a total absence of insulin and that is why there is excessive hyperglycemia. Glucose are needed by cells in order for them to perform cellular activities to produce ATP or energy. Since insulin is absent, there will be cellular starvation because the cells are not getting something to utilize such as the glucose. So in order to compensate, the body should look for other energy sources and that process is called gluconeogenesis which involves the breaking down of fats or lipids. The end-product of gluconeogenesis is the formation of ketones, hence, the name diabetic ketoacidosis.
On the other hand, DM-2 still has insulin production but is insufficient. Since there is still insulin availability, the client is called non-insulin dependent.
Signs and Symptoms of DM can be easily remembered as the 3Ps: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Polyuria or excessive urination is present because of osmosis (movement of water from an area that has a lesser concentration of solutes to an area that has a greater concentration of solutes). Since the client is losing a large amount of fluid through urinating, the body will compensate and the brain will trigger the hypothalamus to have the urge to drink more for fluid replacement and that is now your Polydipsia or excessive thirst. Polyphagia or excessive swallowing or eating is an effect of the cellular starvation (we get sugar/ glucose from the food we ingest).
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